English Language and Composition Essay Example

English Language and Composition Essay Example English Language and Composition Essay English Language and Composition Essay AP ® English Language and Composition 2011 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a strategic not-revenue driven association that interfaces understudies to school achievement and opportunity. Established in 1900, the College Board was made to extend access to advanced education. Today, the participation affiliation is comprised of more than 5,900 of the world’s driving instructive organizations and is devoted to advancing greatness and value in training. Every year, the College Board helps in excess of 7,000,000 understudies get ready for a fruitful progress to school through projects and administrations in school preparation and school achievement - including the SAT ® and the Advanced Placement Programâ ®. The association likewise serves the training network through research and promotion in the interest of understudies, teachers and schools.  © 2011 The College Board. School Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, SAT and the oak seed logo are enlisted trademarks of the College Board. Conceded Class Evaluation Service and moving personalities are trademarks possessed by the College Board. Every single other item and administrations might be trademarks of their individual proprietors. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. organization. Consent to utilize copyrighted College Board materials might be mentioned online at: www. collegeboard. organization/request/cbpermit. html. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. organization. AP Central is the authority online home for the AP Program: apcentral. collegeboard. om. 2011 AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION SECTION II Total time-2 hours Question 1 (Suggested time-40 minutes. This inquiry means 33% of the absolute exposition area score. ) Locavores are individuals who have chosen to eat privately developed or created items however much as could reasonably be expected. With an eye to sustenance just as maintainability (asset uti lize that safeguards nature), the locavore development has gotten broad over the previous decade. Envision that a network is thinking about sorting out a locavore development. Painstakingly read the accompanying seven sources, including the early on data for each source. At that point combine data from at any rate three of the sources and fuse it into a cognizant, very much created article that recognizes the key issues related with the locavore development and looks at their suggestions for the network. Ensure that your contention is focal; utilize the sources to show and bolster your thinking. Keep away from simply summing up the sources. Show plainly which sources you are drawing from, regardless of whether through direct citation, rework, or rundown. You may refer to the sources as Source A, Source B, and so on , or by utilizing the portrayals in enclosures. Source A Source B Source C Source D Source E Source F Source G (Maiser) (Smith and MacKinnon) (McWilliams) (diagram) (Gogoi) (Roberts) (animation)  © 2011 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. organization. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. - 2-2011 AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Source A Maiser, Jennifer. 10 Reasons to Eat Local Food. † Eat Local Challenge. Eat Local Challenge, 8 Apr. 2006. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. Coming up next is an article from a gathering Weblog composed by people who are keen on the advantages of eating food developed and created locally. Eating neighborhood implies more for the nearby economy. As indicated by an examination by the New Economics Foundation in London, a dollar sp ent locally produces twice as much pay for the neighborhood economy. At the point when organizations are not possessed locally, cash leaves the network at each exchange. Privately developed produce is fresher. While produce that is bought in the general store or a major box store has been in travel or cold-put away for a considerable length of time or weeks, produce that you buy at your neighborhood farmer’s showcase has frequently been picked inside 24 hours of your buy. This newness influences the flavor of your food, however the healthy benefit which decays with time. Neighborhood food outright tastes better. Ever attempted a tomato that was picked inside 24 hours? ’Nuff said. Privately developed foods grown from the ground have longer to mature. Since the produce will be dealt with less, privately developed natural product doesn't need to be rugged† or to face the rigors of delivery. This implies you will be getting peaches so ready that they self-destruct as you eat them, figs that would have been crushed to bits in the event that they were sold utilizing customary techniques, and melons that were permitted to age until the latest moment possible on the vine. Eatin g neighborhood is better for air quality and contamination than eating natural. In a March 2005 examination by the diary Food Policy, it was discovered that the miles that natural food frequently goes to our plate makes ecological harm that exceeds the advantage of purchasing natural. Purchasing neighborhood food keeps us in contact with the seasons. By eating with the seasons, we are eating nourishments when they are at their pinnacle taste, are the most copious, and the most economical. Purchasing privately developed food is feed for a superb story. Regardless of whether it’s the rancher who offers neighborhood apples for sale to the public or the pastry specialist who makes nearby bread, knowing piece of the tale about your food is such a ground-breaking some portion of getting a charge out of a supper. Eating neighborhood shields us from bio-fear based oppression. Food with less separation to make a trip from homestead to plate has less helplessness to destructive sullying. Neighborhood food means more assortment. At the point when a rancher is creating food that won't travel a significant distance, will have a shorter time span of usability, and doesn't have a high return request, the rancher is allowed to attempt little harvests of different products of the soil that would most likely never make it to a huge grocery store. Grocery stores are keen on selling â€Å"Name brand† natural product: Romaine Lettuce, Red Delicious Apples, Russet Potatoes. Neighborhood makers frequently play with their yields from year to year, evaluating Little Gem Lettuce, Senshu Apples, and Chieftain Potatoes. Supporting neighborhood suppliers bolsters mindful land advancement. At the point when you purchase nearby, you give those with neighborhood open space-ranches and fields a financial motivation to remain open and lacking. Jennifer Maiser, www. eatlocalchallenge. com  © 2011 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. organization. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. - 3-2011 AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Source B Smith, Alisa, and J. B. MacKinnon. Bounty: One Man, One Woman, and a Raucous Year of Eating Locally. New York: Harmony, 2007. Print. The accompanying entry is excerpted from a book composed by the makers of the 100-Mile Diet, an investigation in eating just nourishments developed and created inside a 100-mile sweep. Food starts to lose sustenance when it is collected. Products of the soil that movement shorter separations are thusly liable to be more like a limit of nourishment. â€Å"Nowadays, we discover significantly progressively about the normally happening substances in produce,† said [Cynthia] Sass. It’s nutrients and minerals, however every one of these phytochemicals and extremely amazing illness battling substances, and we do realize that when a food never truly arrives at its pinnacle readiness, the degrees of these substances never get as high. † . . . However when I called to affirm these realities with Marion Nestle, a teacher and previous seat of nourishment, food studies, and general wellbeing at New York University, she waved away the sustenance issue as a distraction. Indeed, she stated, our 100-mile diet-even in winter-was very likely more nutritious than what the normal American was eating. That doesn’t mean it is important to eat locally so as to be sound. Truth be told, an individual settling on shrewd decisions from the worldwide megamart can undoubtedly meet all the body’s needs. â€Å"There will be dietary contrasts, however they’ll be marginal,† said Nestle. â€Å"I mean, that’s not so much the issue. It has an inclination that it’s the issue-clearly fresher nourishments that are developed on better soils will have more supplements. Be that as it may, individuals are not supplement denied. We’re just not supplement denied. † So would Marion Nestle, as a dietician, as one of America’s most significant pundits of dietary strategy, advocate for nearby eating? Completely. † Why? Since she adores the flavor of new food, she said. She cherishes the puzzle of years when the late corn is simply completely, unfathomably great, and nobody can say why: it simply is. She loves having ranchers around, and hom esteads, and farmland.  © 2011 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. organization. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. - 4-2011 AP ® ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Source C McWilliams, James E. â€Å"On My Mind: The Locavore Myth. † Forbes. com. Forbes, 15 Jul. 2009. Web. 16 Dec. 2009. Coming up next is excerpted from an online conclusion article in a business magazine. Purchase nearby, shrivel the separation food ventures, spare the planet. The locavore development has caught a great deal of fans. Surprisingly, they are featuring the issues with industrialized food. Be that as it may, a ton of them are committing a major error. By concentrating on transportation, they ignore other vitality hoarding factors in food creation. Take sheep. A 2006 scholastic investigation (financed by the New Zealand government) found that it appeared well and good for a Londoner to purchase sheep delivered from New Zealand than to purchase sheep brought up in the U. K. This finding is nonsensical if you’re just checking food miles. Yet, New Zealand sheep is raised on pastures with a little carbon impression, while most English sheep is created under serious plant like conditions with a major carbon impression. Th

Morbid place Essay

Pip feels that Magwitch looks just as he is ‘eluding the hands of the dead individuals, extending up mindfully of their graves, to get a contort upon his lower leg and pull him in. ‘ There is where a privateer had once been covered in the swamps and Pip takes a gander at Magwitch ‘†¦ as though he were the privateer sprung up, and descend, and returning to attach himself once more. ‘ Dickens makes the peruser wonder if that is the manner by which Magwitch is going to meet his end. The portrayals from Pip are expressive and give us that he has an awesome creative mind. In Dickens’s time, crooks (and an individual could be called this only for taking a portion of bread for his/her family, or perpetrating a type of insignificant wrongdoing) were tossed into jail or put in masses. Masses were old maritime boats that had been changed over into jails; the convicts were shackled so that there was less possibility of getting away. On the off chance that an individual got away from a mass s/he was moved to Australian on a boat that had frightful day to day environments, numerous individuals bites the dust from illness or unhealthiness before they show up commotion Australia. Individuals were tossed into the debtor’s jail when they got into any obligation, regardless of whether they just owed a tad of cash. The individual in the red was detained inconclusively until the individual who they owed the cash was fulfilled. Numerous indebted individuals kicked the bucket in these detainment facilities in view of the awful day to day environments. This is incredibly extraordinary to how it is currently, thus the cutting edge peruser doesn’t comprehend the circumstance. Today nearly everybody is in a type of obligation; contracts, advances, overdrafts, but then nobody is tossed into jail for it. Magwitch talks just as he’s not taught. He says â€Å"wittles† when he implies ‘victuals’, â€Å"partickler† rather than ‘particular’ and â€Å"percooliar† when he should state ‘peculiar’. Dickens utilizes phonetics to show his tongue and expressions. This makes Magwitch appear not modern. The ‘younger’ Pip’s exchange shows that he has had a type of instruction as it’s significantly more taught than Magwitch’s: â€Å"If you would compassionately please to let me keep upstanding, sir, maybe I shouldn’t be sick†. In any case, when contrasted with the ‘older’ Pip’s discourse, we can see that he turned out to be increasingly instructed: â€Å"It was a dressing-room†¦ and unmistakable in it was a hung table with a plated mirror. † Miss Havisham and Estella appear to talk ‘posh’ and rather vainglorious. At the point when they are playing a game of cards Estella says: â€Å"He calls the blackguards Jacks! † She clearly believes that her method of talking is legitimate. Dickens shows the peruser how the various classes talked in Victorian occasions; from poor people and uneducated (Magwitch) to the well off and refined (Miss Havisham). We don’t see quite a bit of Estella and Dickens leaves the peruser posing inquiries; who is the youthful and pretty young lady and what is she doing in such a dismal spot? However, what we do see isn’t extremely decent. In spite of the fact that she is a lovely young lady she is pernicious. â€Å"†¦ what coarse hands he has. What's more, what thick boots! † She causes Pip to feel embarrassed about himself and doesn’t even say his name; she talks as though she is talking about him to another person, as though she would never bring down her gauges enough to converse with such a typical ‘thing’. ‘She put the mug down and on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without taking a gander at me, as impolitely as though I were a pooch in disfavor. ‘ She isn’t fulfilled until she makes Pip ‘lean against the divider and cry’ and watched him bend his hair with unpleasant disappointments. Miss Havisham is surprising on the grounds that albeit matured, she isn't hitched. In Dickens’s England a lady was relied upon to get hitched and afterward take care of her significant other and youngsters for an amazing remainder. This was essential since ladies depended on their dads, at that point their spouses. Without a spouse how might a lady endure if her dad passed on? Or on the other hand ran into obligation? This is another circumstance were that the cutting edge peruser finds abnormal. Nowadays, ladies have equivalent rights and don't have to get hitched. Dickens causes us to feel a thought for Miss Havisham during our first gathering with her: ‘†¦ The lady of the hour inside the marriage dress had shriveled like the dress, and like the flowers†¦ ‘ She appears as though a harmed soul and we fathom why when she says her heart is â€Å"broken! † The peruser thinks about why Miss Havisham is in her unmarried state and this causes us to feel sorry for her. She lives in obscurity, keeping all the light out as though she can’t bear to confront the world. At that point the reader’s demeanor towards her progressions when we understand that Miss Havisham simply needs Pip for a toy and we start to feel less kind towards her. At the point when she goes similarly as advising Estella to â€Å"beggar him† and â€Å"break his heart† we unquestionably we certainly begin to disdain her. The peruser doesn’t feel that Pip is protected with her. The contrasts between the happenings now and in ‘Great Expectations’ make the advanced peruser shocked and confused, yet at the same time ready to identify with Pip’s story. ‘Great Expectations’ is can in any case be identified with today in light of the fact that sooner or later, everybody experiences the battles that Pip must fight. It shows that advantages and riches don't change who individuals are inside, and that finding one’s self can be a long repetitive procedure until at last everything turns out to be clear. Dickens composed ‘Great Expectations’ as a path for him to bring himself into his composition; numerous parts of his life can be found in the book, making it personal. It was likewise a method of making his sentiments thought about the social issues in England in his time. He advises the peruser not to pass judgment on individuals, as appearances are misleading. The ‘moral’ of the story is by all accounts that regardless of how you change your outward appearance and the amount you teach yourself, you can’t change who you truly are.

Cannabis Use Disorder or Problematic Marijuana Use

Cannabis Use Disorder or Problematic Marijuana Use Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Cannabis Use Disorder for Problematic Marijuana Users By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 28, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 02, 2019 David Sutherland / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Cannabis use disorder is a diagnosis that is given for problematic marijuana use. The diagnosis was  introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition or DSM-5. In the previous edition, the DSM-IV-TR, problematic use of cannabis or marijuana was separated into two different disorders, cannabis abuse, and cannabis dependence. Does This Mean Cannabis Is Not Addictive? With the disappearance of cannabis dependence, some people might interpret the change of disorder name to a single disorder to imply that cannabis is not addictive, and cannabis does not lead to drug dependence. After all, it has long had a reputation as a soft drug. A lot of consideration went into deciding how cannabis use disorder should be described in DSM-5. Many cannabis users deny any addictive aspects of the drug, yet many do appear to become addicted. Can You Really Become Addicted to Marijuana? Cannabis use disorder captures the possibility that people can be negatively impacted by their marijuana use, without necessarily being addicted. However, it also has room to recognize addiction if it happens. Just because the name has changed, and the term use has replaced abuse or dependence, doesnt mean that cannabis is not addictive. In fact, the research shows conclusively that cannabis is addictive. Cannabis dependence expert Dr. Alan Budney reviewed studies of cannabis withdrawal  and found that both lab studies of inpatients and studies of outpatients consistently showed a physical withdrawal syndrome pattern in cannabis users who were discontinuing the drug that paralleled that of other drugs which are well recognized to be addictive, such as cocaine and heroin. Withdrawal symptoms begin within 24 to 48 hours of not using cannabis, peak within four to six days, and last for one to three weeks.?? How Long Does Withdrawal From Marijuana Last? Why One Disorder to Replace Two Disorders? Having established the addictive basis of a cannabis use disorder, the DSM-5 task force also focused on deciding whether substance use disorders in general  and cannabis use disorder in particular, should be grouped into one disorder or two. In previous editions of the DSM, cannabis abuse was considered the less serious disorder, with problems arising from cannabis use, but no indication of dependence. In contrast, cannabis dependence focused on the signs and symptoms of addiction, specifically, tolerance and withdrawal. Various experts used different methods of analysis to determine whether the problems people experience as a result of drug use are best explained using a single dimension of a substance use disorder, or two separate categories of substance abuse and substance dependence. Based on the results of the analyses, they determined that a dimensional view made the most sense.?? Instead of using the separate categories of cannabis abuse and cannabis dependence, with different kinds of problems in each category, one dimension is used which includes all of the problems that previously appeared in the two categories. The severity of the persons problems can be captured by including an additional indicator:?? Mild: two to three symptomsModerate: four to five symptomsSevere: six or more symptoms Symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder At least two of the following symptoms within a 12-month period indicates cannabis use disorder:?? Taking more cannabis than was intendedDifficulty controlling or cutting down cannabis useSpending a lot of time on cannabis useCraving cannabisProblems at work, school, and home as a result of cannabis useContinuing to use cannabis despite social or relationship problemsGiving up or reducing other activities in favor of cannabisTaking cannabis in high-risk situationsContinuing to use cannabis despite physical or psychological problemsTolerance to cannabisWithdrawal when discontinuing cannabis. Marijuana Addiction: What You Need to Know Remember, the new way of describing cannabis use disorder means that the severity of the persons physical addiction is unrelated to the severity of their disorder. With a list of 11 symptoms to choose from, someone can have cannabis use disorder, severe, without having any tolerance or withdrawal, the hallmarks of addiction. By the same token, they can meet the criteria for mild cannabis use disorder, despite experiencing severe physical tolerance and withdrawal.

Addiction Trauma And Resiliency - 2003 Words

After spending a full week at the MARTI conference I decided to write about addiction, trauma and resiliency. The conference centered on these topics among others but specific topics hit home to me. There was a wealth of information on these terms and there was a great deal of succulent discussion about the long term effects of addiction. Addiction does not happen independently it many people and loved ones are affected by a person’s addiction. Addiction is defined as compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance (as heroin, nicotine, or alcohol) characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal; broadly: persistent compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be harmful (Merriam-Webster). According to Merriam-Webster trauma is a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes someone to have mental or emotional problems usually for a long time. In my professional and personal experience trauma can last a life time if unsolved. Many people suffer trauma and can deal with trauma be functional individuals in society, but others have trouble coping with their issues which can result in long term effects on a person. So why can one person cope but not another person. I want to discuss issue in my paper and refer to conference presentations and current literature. How can one person be resilient and not another? I find this very interesting that one person can cope and deal fully with their trauma and someone elseShow MoreRelatedPart 1: Describe Donna’S Story From A Problem Solving Perspective..995 Words   |  4 Pageslook out for the best interests of the child and support Donna to be the best parent possible. In my opinion, the most pressing issue would be Donna’s recent relapse of her alcohol addiction and the potential for a relapse in drug use. From a problem solving perspective, I would help Donna access rehabilitation or addictions counselling. 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He is currently sober, and has been for a few years. He is currently married, has three children, and is currently unemployed. He is living with his wife, children, and two siblings. They live in a 3-bedroom apartment, with his brother and sister. His wife is the only source of income for his family, and he does odd jobs to help pay forRead MoreAnalysis Of Denis Friske s Narrative Approach Essay1771 Words   |  8 Pagesexperiences but act as guidance figures in client’s lives towards their healing (Denis-Friske, 2014). As victims of abuse, giving people the time and space to create the ir own meanings in narrative making and focus on their inner character’s strength and resiliency, people are made experts of their own lives by authoring their own stories and taking into control how they want to perceive their situation – in spite of adversity, strength can be recovered from deep within. It is important that counselors empowerRead MoreOverview of Canadian Aboriginal Women Trauma Caused by Colonialism3088 Words   |  13 Pagesmain cause of trauma, intergenerational trauma, and marginalization of Canadian Aboriginal women who have lost their sense of health and wellness, which has led to countless disappearances and murders. Trauma can be defined as an â€Å"extreme, important event against a person’s body or self-concept† (Frideres, 2011, p. 80), and unless measures are taken to counteract the serious injury and harm caused by trauma it can result in the inability of a person to self-heal (Frideres, 2011). Trauma in AboriginalRead MorePersuasive Essay : Gifted Child1610 Words   |  7 Pagestake their unavoidable peal on the society. This information concerns every single being, and if circulated extensively enough, should lead to essential changes in humanity, above all to a standstill in the blind increase of fierceness. Childhood trauma may fuel a scope of a tireless psychiatric issue. One is the somatoform disorder, in which patients experience personal grievances with no perceptible restorative reason. Another is the frenzy issue with agoraphobia, in which patients encounter theRead MoreAttachment Between An Infant And A Caregiver1278 Words   |  6 Pageshas shown that a variety o f styles can develop, depending on repeated interactions with the primary caregiver, during the highly impressionable first year of life. Babies who develop what is called secure attachment demonstrate the capacity for resiliency in the face of stressful situations. If left alone with a stranger, these babies respond by quickly feeling comforted once the caregiver returns. These babies indicate that they clearly prefer to be with the caregiver by greeting her with approving

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 927 Words

Both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Franklin’s Tale are set in a world where the laws of nature and order are turned upside down through the use of magic. In this Medieval world, death is escaped, men have the ability to shapeshift, and the impossible becomes entirely possible. What the Christian God set as earthly law, magic, created by the devil himself, subverts into illogical manifestations. Through their works, the authors of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Franklin’s Tale portray magic and the devil, whose ultimate scheme is to separate humankind from the Christian God by, as being inextricably intertwined. In both texts, magic is used to engage a faithful vassal and/or Christian in a supernatural demonstration in order to incite doubt or fear, thus subverting the power of their lord and/or the Christian God and tricking the faithful into abandoning faith and virtue. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, magic is not only used to wreak havoc in King Arthur’s court, but used as an attempt to corrupt the morality and faith of King Arthur’s and God’s most loyal subject, Sir Gawain. In the text, Sir Gawain is characterized as the paragon of virtue and faith. According to the Pearl Poet, â€Å"The fifth five I find the famous man practised Were - Liberality and Lovingkindness leading the rest; Then his Continence and Courtesy, which were never corrupted; And Piety, the surpassing virtue. These pure five Were more firmly fixed on that fine man Than on anyShow MoreRelatedSir Gawain And The Green Knight1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† a protagonist emerges depicting an Arthurian knight named Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes initiative by accepting the challenge requested by the Green Knight in place of his uncle. He undergoes a perilous adventure, seeking for the Green Knight to receive the final blow. Although Sir Gawain is not viewed as a hero for his military accomplishments, he is, however, viewed as a heroic figure by the Knights at the Round Table for hisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight862 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author referred to as the â€Å"Pearl Poet,† we are introduced to Sir Gawain. Gawain is a knight of the Round Table and he is also the nephew of King Arthur. As a knight, Gawain is expected to possess and abide by many chivalrous facets. Throughout the poem he portrays m any of the qualities a knight should possess, such as bravery, courtesy, and honor among others. Because of his ability to possess these virtues even when tempted to stray away from themRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight compares a super natural creature to nature. The mystery of the poem is ironic to the anonymous author. The story dates back into the fourteenth century, but no one knows who originally wrote the poem. This unknown author explains in the poem of Sir Gawain not knowing of the location of the Green Chapel and or who the Green Knight really is. This keeps the reader entertained with the suspicion of not knowing. The author then does not give his name orRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight contains ambiguity and irony that make it interesting to read and teach. Gawain’s conflict arose when he accepted the girdle that co uld protect him and when he lied to his host, severing fellowship with the lord for courtesy with the lady. By utilizing a social reconstructionist philosophy of teaching that emphasizes personal beliefs and ethics, a teacher will help the students establish their identities and learn to appreciate classic literature. Sir Gawain and theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1514 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is an epic poem written in the mid to late fourteenth century by an unknown author. Throughout the tale, Sir Gawain, a Knight at the Round Table in Camelot, is presented with many hardships, the first being a challenge on Christmas by a man in which, â€Å"Everything about him was an elegant green† (161). This â€Å"Green Knight† challenged someone in Camelot to accept his game which they will chop off his head with his axe and the Green Knight will do the same to the playerRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 Pages Sir Gawain: The Ironic Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight906 Words   |  4 Pagesusually the latter. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight we see Sir Bertilak go off to hunt three very specific animals as a game with Sir Gawain. They agree that â€Å"what ever [Bertilak catches] in the wood shall become [Sir Gawain’s], and what ever mishap comes [Sir Gawain’s] way will be given to [Bertilak] in exchange.† (Sir Gawain†¦, ln 1105-1007). In this deal we slowly see Gawain loose his honor as paralleled with Sir B ertilak’s hunt. The first animal that is hunted by the knight is a deer, while thisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesFall 16 Donnelly Many years ago, knights were expected to form a certain type of relationship with their king, this relationship was otherwise known as fealty. Fealty is a knight’s sworn loyalty to their king (in other words a loyal relationship should be formed between the two). The use of this relationship is shown in the poem called â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† ( the author is unknown). This poem has a classic quest type of formula, with a knight receiving a challenge and then going outRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1455 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, for Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight temptation existed around every corner while he was playing the game of the Green Knight. Temptation existed every day and each day it existed in a new way. Gawain never knew what was coming his way throughout the grand scheme of the game, but one thing was for certain he was being tested. Without his reliance religious faith and dedication to his reputation, Gawain wo uld not have been able to make it through the game of the Green Knight alive andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Sir Gawain, from â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† translated by Marie Borroff, and Beowulf, from Beowulf translated by Burton Raffel, serve as heroes in different times of Medieval English Literature. Many of the basic principles that describe heroes in Medieval Literature are seen in both of these characters even though they were written in different times. There are distinct similarities, differences, and also a progression of what the hero was in English literature, between Sir Gawain and

Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry Free Essays

Introduction The report will be assessing and evaluating how deregulation and the growth of low cost carriers have affected global competition and market trends in the types of products offered to customers in air travel. The report will identify the key roles of the low cost carriers and how they are affecting the global competition and the market trends by introducing their means and methods over the bigger airline industry. It will also be witnessed in the report how the airlines have come a long way from the past till now and how the industry is on a constant change due to needs and demands put up by the customers which currently is being handled by the low cost carriers in some ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now While air travel was once a luxury only the rich could afford, the entry of more airlines serving the busiest and most profitable routes has caused airfares to plummet. Some of the airlines that will be looked at are Buzz, Go, Ryan Air, and Easy Jet. These are well known low cost airlines. This report will look sequentially at the marketing environments of the airline industry and will analyze the main forces shaping its future. It will concentrate on the impact of low-cost airlines on this industry. Main The airlines are relatively new as a market driven industry. In 1938, the airlines faced steep competition that was vigorous and unstable. The industry asked the government for a regulatory body to control competition. The newly formed CAB froze the industry structure and blocking out new firms, which ended up creating monopolies. The industry continued in this state despite growth in traffic, increased profits, and changing conditions. The turning point for the airline industry began in the late 1970’s when the industry needed to break free from its regulated environment. New technology and ample profits made competition a viable option. The result was the passing of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978. One of the large effects of deregulation was the increase in the number of carriers and increased competition. In 1978, there were 43 carriers certified for scheduled service with large aircraft. By 1983, there were over 60 new carriers since the act was passed. With the slew of new airlines, the airline industry was able to reach new markets and grow tremendously. United with the price drops, air travel became a more favorable way to travel. Today there are no close substitutes for travel over 150 miles. However the trend of an invasion of airlines eventually turned into many mergers, acquisitions, and bankruptcies in the late-1980s to early-1990s (see Figure 1) Still seen today, another effect of deregulation is the development of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† network. The major airlines developed this network to efficiently manage and serve more markets with the same fleet of planes. Another advantage of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† network is that airlines will carry the traveler from departure city to arrival city and not have to hand over customers to competing carriers. Travelers enjoyed traveling with one airline though an extra stop was required. A marketing innovation that airlines initiated after deregulation was the frequent flyer program. Repeat customers earned points toward free tickets or upgrades. This program generated loyalty beyond service and satisfaction with travelers. Recently, the frequent flyer program extends beyond receiving points for flying. The most popular is the use of credit cards (points per pounds/dollars) and using points to purchase things other than airline tickets. A technological advance in the industry came with the introduction of computer-reservation systems (CRS). This allowed airlines to keep track of fare and service changes. The systems allow agents to process millions of reservations a day. Today these transactions have significantly increased and with the introduction of the Internet redefined how travelers shop, purchase, and receive tickets. According to Geneva News article low-cost carriers found not just tourism to help it establish it self in travel. They found out that what could begin as a tourist route may be quickly adopted by businesspeople. This meaning that the low cost airlines also are used by business. So the companies also get some business even during the off-seasons. These airlines help offer a cheap way to be able to get to the business places, historical area, and Interesting cities. We see in Belobaba (2003) report that Easy Jet, Europe’s leading low-cost airline. Now what helped it become such a big name in low cost air travel in EuropeGoing to Easy Jets website, they attempt to explain how they work. It can be seen that they broke it down into three things to make them a low cost airlines; The first thing is it is a ticket less airline, this cuts cost of paper and printing. The next thing they do is efficient use of airports; this means Easy Jet can make the most of its time. Easy Jet also mad e a few deals with airports cutting landing fees. The last thing Easy Jet has done to make its airline so low cost is there’s no such thing as a free lunch. This helps as it cut costs of food, and may help the airlines earn money on the food they sell. In Belobaba (2003) report we see the U.S. situation with airlines. The report starts off talking about the 11/09/01 incident. Were after the attacks on the twin tower, the whole thing had negatively affected the volume of business travel and 12.5% lower than in the preceding year. The report goes on talking about the growth of low cost airlines. Reduced willingness on the part of business travelers and tourist to pay the higher airfares charged by network carriers. Also some interesting points in the report are. â€Å"In the US, low-fare airlines have exhibited slow but steady growth since deregulation, but low-fare carriers as a group accounted for less than 7% of US domestic air passengers in 1991, compared to 81% by Major network carriers [The remaining 12% was carried by smaller regional and local carriers]. Low-fare carriers grew more rapidly in the US through the 1990s, to the point that the carried 20% of all US domestic passengers as a group in 2002.† To look at a more world aspect of tourism we see in Christianto (2003) article that in 2000, there were 7.58 million passengers, but the number increased to 8.27 million in 2001 and to 8.96 million in 2002. Also according to the article the figures are expected to reach 10.34 million in the coming years. It goes on talking about the price war. A war between the more high class big Airlines, and many of the airlines that offer cheaper tickets. In this war they are trying to set a floor price were airlines may not go under this price. This is due to the high numbers of passengers going to low cost airlines to travel. We are starting to see that with these low cost airlines the bigger airlines are having problems holding on to their customers. Now there are airline companies that are forced to lower their price to compete with these low cost airlines. We see British airways as one of those companies. British airways have recently launched a series of cheap flights. In the future there is a big possibility that all these big airlines will have to lower their prices considerably. As theses low cost airlines seem to be taking all the possible clients away from these big airlines. There is also too say that these big airlines are holding on to their passengers for long distance travels. As these airlines are more comfortable and more advanced the travelers like them more. As if you have to spend a long time in an airplane you would choose the best situation. There are only a few low cost airlines that are set up. The number of airlines in general isn’t too high. We see in the U.S. for low cost airlines you have only two or three. As it’s about the same for Europe as we see airlines like Easy Jet, Ryan Air, Go, Buzz and only a few others. As for other areas it was hard to find information on cheap airlines. Europe seems to big the biggest point of low cost airlines. In Christianto (2003) report its shown that travel between Europe has been seeing some serious growth. This alone shows that with low cost airline, there comes more tourism. There is also to say that in Europe it is convenient for people to move around for business and travel. The first successful low-cost carrier is generally acknowledged to be Southwest Airlines in the United States, which pioneered the concept when founded in 1971 and has been profitable every year since 1973. With the advent of aviation deregulation the model spread to Europe as well, the most notable successes being Ireland’s Ryan air, which began low-fares operations in 1991, and easy Jet, formed in 1995. As of 2004, low cost carriers are now edging into Asia, led by operators such as Malaysia‘s Air Asia. Many carriers have opted to launch their own no-grills airlines, such as KLM’s Buzz and British Airways Go, but have found it difficult to avoid cannibalizing their core business. The European airline industry is being shaken up by the presence of low-cost airlines. It is estimated that existing low-cost airlines has expanded their European market share from 5% in 2000 to 25% by 2010, as illustrated in figure 7, establishing themselves on a long-term basis which will have major effects on the European airline industry as a whole The low cost carrier’s airline industry is having a huge impact on the global airline industry. The table below highlights how the market is migrating to a new business model: customer behavior is changing Customers expect internet to provide lowest possible price offer Price becomes decisive factor:– Destination is not! – low cost carrier’s develop routes according to costs low cost Carriers have generated growth of aviation in this segment – People fly who would not have otherwise flown Market structure is changing Erosion of traditional â€Å"national† markets: Segmentation of market into:– low cost on local markets – Regional niche markets – International/alliance markets Greater flexibility and simplicity of traditional model Established airlines are questioning their models. Some have moved into the no-frills segment. Flexible adaptation of traditional pricing models Many full-service carriers offer simple and low prices. Marketing focus on the actual product offered Some carriers are marketing frills aggressively. The SWOT analysis is used to analyse the internal and external view of the low-cost airline industry with a view to analyse the situation of the no-frills model upon today’s world wide global industry. STRENGTHSSimple fare structureRelative low unit costs Multi-base network offering point-to-point service Strong corporate culture i.e. Easy Jet High commitment to safety and customer services Efficient use of airports with rapid turnaround times Highly profitable with rising demand WEAKNESSESCustomer expectations of service are increasingHigh aircraft utilisation means more vulnerable to delays Prices are low, but they are not as low as they could be. Weak brand loyalty between low-cost airlines and passengers Growth in size means complexity Seasonal variations and cyclical demand Affected by economic downturns OPPORTUNITIESEurope is a land of opportunity for low-cost airlinesSignificant growth of internet bookings expected – 17% annual compound growth rate of Internet user population Increase in Britons buying second homes abroad Outsourcing of IT functions such as call centres in India Airport expansion THREATSFlag carriers imitate low-cost business model offering ‘cheaper flights to people booking well in advance’BA, as well as other airlines has redesigned its website to make online booking easier New EU legislation travel compensation laws Air passenger duty to rise ?5-?15 on economy tickets Some customers prefer to book through a travel agent The development of rail network within the EU Video conferencing may take an increasing share of the business clientele Threat of terrorism e.g. bombings in Madrid Lack of take-off and landing slots Conclusion Since deregulation arrived, budget carriers such as Easy Jet and Ryan air have grown to account for around a fifth of European air travel, thriving after the events of September 11th; their market share has grown rapidly. Observers of the European airline industry have long believed that the flag-carrier system has created too many airlines and led to inefficient excess capacity. The suggested remedy is consolidation of the European industry via cross-border mergers, an avenue that is now open as a result of EU deregulation. The first major consolidation event is currently with the proposed Air France-KLM merger recently approved by EU regulators. It is likely too that the low-cost sector will experience consolidation leaving Easy Jet and Ryan air as the two main players. While the big airlines consolidate, trying to win more premium business traffic, the cheap fares airlines will fight ruthlessly for leisure traffic. British Airways has already withdrawn from European routes where it makes a loss. In the longer term, airlines are looking to join forces in the context of the prospects of the liberalization of air traffic between the United Statesand Europe, which is expected to lead to fierce competition on both sides of the Atlantic. Two things matter to airlines – the amount of empty seats on their planes and the cost of getting those planes into the air. Reducing those two factors leads to profits, and in recent years, the European industry has been struggling. The fear of terrorism and disruption in the world’s aviation system has simply made things much worse. And looking to the future of European aviation, it seems that the issues associated with the environment will be addressed severely, possibly leading to taxation on the one thing supporting airline growth; Kerosene. Furthermore, the matter of over-capacity, which has lead to a lack of taking-off and landing slots, could hinder further growth and drive up prices for the low-cost airlines. While the full-service carriers are struggling to get back to the traffic levels they enjoyed in 2000, the budget airlines are growing by more than 10 per cent a year. The expansion of the EU provided vast opportunities for the low-cost sector but for the budget airline industry to thrive; low-cost really does have to mean low-cost. References and Bibliography Lectures notes – week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Graham, A. (2009) 3RD edition Managing airports: an international perspective Definitions of deregulation from http://www.free-definition.com/Deregulation.html Wensveen, J. and Leick, R. (2009) the long-haul low-cost carrier: A unique business model, Journal of Air Transport Management Volume 15, Issue 3, Hanlon, J.P. (2007) 3RD edition Global Airline: competition in transnational industry Morrison, S. and Winston, C (1986). The Economic Effects of Airline Deregulation Belobaba, P. (2003) The Airline Industry and Current Challenges. British Airways. (2003). Can be obtained at; http://www.britishairways.co.uk Burghouwt, G. and Huys, M. (2003). Deregulation and the Consequences for Airport Planning ORL website: http://www.orl.arch.ethz.ch/dis.PDF Christianto, I. (2003). Airlines earn their wings in increasingly crowded skies Easy-jet. Company website. Accessed May 10, 2004 from http://www.easyjet.com Easy-Jet. (2003). How We Offer Such Low Fares. Can be obtained at; http://www.easyjet.com/EN/about/aboutourfares.html Ryan air.. Progress Report. Can be obtained at; http://www.ryanair.co.uk http://www.guardian.co.uk http://www.timesonline.co.uk Two UK low-cost air lines open up new direct links between North-East England and Geneva. – Geneva News How to cite Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry, Essay examples

Tobacco Essays (2527 words) - Smoking, Tobacco,

Tobacco Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves that are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. It is considered an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine. The tobacco plant is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotine Tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 45 carcinogens and more than 4,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, the Indians of Mexico and Peru used tobacco for the ceremonies, medical purposes and to alleviate hunger pains during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia. The colonist introduced tobacco on the American continent in the early 1600's. It became a major crop and trading commodity of the Jamestown Colony. Over the years tobacco has been claimed as a cure for a wide range of ailments with varying forms of administration. Its social importance also grew over the years, even the point of denoting the "modern women" during the 1st part of the twentieth century. It was not until the 1960's, with the introduction of medical research related to cigarette smoking that the adverse health effects of the tobacco became widely publicized. Unfortunately, most of the health hazards were only associated with cigarette smoking. While the number of cigarette smokers in the United States has continually decreased over recent years the number of smokeless tobacco users has steadily increased. Since the 1970's a 15-fold increase in smokeless tobacco has been noted in adolescents 17 to 19 years old. This has most likely been related to the emphasis on smoke free environments, availability, increased advertising of smokeless products, and the false belief that smokeless tobacco is a safe alternative for those convinced they should stop smoking but who still want the nicotine effects of tobacco. Although over 40 million people in the United States have quit smoking, about 50 million continue to smoke (about 25% of the population). Each year, approximately 1.3 million Americans quit smoking. In addition about two thirds of current smokers report they have never tried to quit. About 30 to 40% of those who have not tried to quit say they do not believe that the health risks of smoking will ultimately decrease their risks for disease. Young men are at highest risk for using tobacco products but the incidence in women is increasing. Smokeless tobacco use patterns are higher within the following occupations; athletes, ranchers, farmers, fishermen, lumberjacks, and industrial workers, who have jobs requiring hand freedom. Nicotine has both stimulant and depressant effects upon the body. Bowel tone and activity increases along with saliva and bronchial secretions. Stimulation is followed with a phase that depresses the respiratory muscles. As an euphoric agent, nicotine causes arousal as well as relaxation from stressful situations. On the average, tobacco use increases the heart rate 10 to 20 beats per minute and it increases the blood pressure reading by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury (because it constricts the blood vessels). Nicotine may also increase sweating, nausea and diarrhea because of its effects on the central nervous system. Nicotine's effect upon hormonal activities is also present. It elevates the blood level of glucose and increases insulin production. Nicotine also tends to enhance platelet aggregation, which may lead to blood clotting. The positive effects of nicotine upon the body should also be noted. It stimulates memory and alertness, enhancing cognitive skills that requires speed, reaction time and work performance. As a mood-altering agent, it tends to alleviate boredom, reduces stress, and reduces aggressive responses to stressful events. It also tends to be an appetite suppressant specifically decreasing the appetite for simple carbohydrates and disturbs the efficiency with which food is metabolized. People who use tobacco products frequently depend upon it to provide these side effects to help them accomplish certain tasks at specific levels. With all the information that is out today why do people continue to smoke? Since 1964, the Surgeon General has warned that smoking is a health hazard this announcement promoted the U.S. Public Health Service and The American Cancer Society to publicize the dangers of tobacco smoking, and offer suggestions to those trying to quit. Cigarette packages were required to carry the warning " may be hazardous